| 第28回世界遺産委員会蘇州会議 |
| 報 告 |
| ユネスコの世界遺産の数は７８８に |
2004年6月28日から7月7日まで、中国江蘇省蘇州市（人口 210万人＜大都市圏580万人＞ 面積 1,650k㎡＜8,488k㎡＞）の蘇州市企画展示館の会議場で、第28回世界遺産委員会（178か国の世界遺産条約締約国から選ばれたアルゼンチン、中国、コロンビア、エジプト、レバノン、ナイジェリア、オーマン、ポルトガル、ロシア、セントルシア、南アフリカ、イギリス、チリ、インド、クウェート、ニュージーランド、ベニン、日本、リトアニア、オランダ、ノルウェーの21か国の委員国で構成）が開催されました。議長は、中国の章新勝（Mr Zhang Xinsheng）教育次官が務めました。 第28回世界遺産委員会には、100を越える世界の国々から1000人近い人々が出席し、蘇州市では、市内の美化活動、それに、マスコット・キャラクターが登場するなど、市あげての歓迎色に包まれました。 今回の世界遺産委員会の議案の順番は、昨年と異なり、「世界遺産リスト」への新登録物件の審議が先行し、「危機にさらされている世界遺産リスト」や「世界遺産リスト」に登録されている物件の保護管理状況に関する報告が後になりました。従って、ニュース・リリースも「世界遺産リスト」への新登録物件、「危機にさらされて世界遺産リスト」への新登録物件という順序になりました。 新登録物件については，イランのBam Cultural Landscape（バムの文化的景観）、モンゴルのOrkhon Valley Cultural Landscape（オルホン渓谷の文化的景観）、北朝鮮のComplex of Koguryo Tombs（高句麗古墳群）、中国のCapital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom（古代高句麗王国の首都群と古墳群）、日本のSacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range（紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道）、インドネシアのTropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra （スマトラの熱帯雨林遺産）、イギリスのLiverpool -Maritime Mercantile City（リバプール-海商都市）、ドイツのDresden Elbe Valley（ドレスデンのエルベ渓谷）、デンマークのIlulissat Icefjord（イルリサート・アイスフィヨルド）、スウェーデンのVarberg Radio Station（ヴァルベルイの無線通信所）、メキシコのLuis Barragan House and Studio（ルイス・バラガン邸と仕事場）など29か国の34物件が、新たにユネスコの「世界遺産リスト」に登録されました。 新たに登録された34物件の内訳は、地球上の顕著な普遍的価値をもつ地形・地質、生態系、自然景観、生物多様性などの自然遺産が5物件、人類の英知と人間活動の所産を様々な形で語り続ける顕著な普遍的価値をもつ遺跡、建造物群、モニュメントなどの文化遺産が29物件です。 登録遺産は、氷河、火山、熱帯雨林、植物群集、生物多様性、文化的景観、渓谷、草原、庭園、公園、葡萄園、農場、農村、漁村、集落、考古学遺跡、都跡、壁画、古墳、墓地、修道院、寺院、神社、信仰の道、要塞、ペトログラフ(岩石に刻まれた文字や文様)、港、駅舎、無線通信所、展示館、市庁舎、彫像、邸宅など多様で多彩です。 これらは、知名度や鑑賞価値が高いものばかりではありません。規模や外観ではなく、歴史上、民族学上、人類学上、芸術上、学術上、保存上、或は、景観上の観点から質の高い、「顕著な普遍的価値」を有する傑出したものばかりです。 歴史的には、紀元前9～1世紀のイタリアのEtruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia（チェルヴェテリとタルクィニアのエトルリア墳墓群）から20世紀のスウェーデンの産業遺産Varberg Radio Station（ヴァルベルイの無線通信所）（注）、メキシコの近代建築の巨匠のLuis Barragan House and Studio（ルイス・バラガン邸と仕事場）に至るまで様々です。 （注）ヴァルベルイの無線通信所は、日本の愛知県刈谷市にある依佐美（よさみ）送信所＜日本の対ヨーロッパ無線通信発祥の地＞のような通信施設で、大西洋横断の無線通信のさきがけとなった記念物です。 これらの中には、歴史的人物ゆかりの世界遺産や世界遺産地もあります。イスラム教を創始した預言者ムハンマド（マホメット 570頃～632年）ともゆかりの深いUm er-Rasas ＜Kastrom Mefa’a＞（ウム・エル・ラサス ＜カストロン・メファー＞（注））、モンゴル帝国の創始者チンギス＝ハン（太祖 1167頃～1227年）ゆかりのOrkhon Valley Cultural Landscape（オルホン渓谷の文化的景観）、メキシコのモダニズムを代表する建築家ルイス・バラガン（1902～1988年）ゆかりのLuis Barragan House and Studio（ルイス・バラガン邸と仕事場）、ビートルズ（1962～1970年）の4人のメンバーの生誕地でもあるLiverpool-Maritime Mercantile City（リバプール-海商都市）などです。 （注）ウム・エル・ラサスは、遺跡がある場所の地名。 カストロン・メファーは、ウマイヤ朝時代の地名。 また、ユニークなものとしては、オーストラリアのメルボルンにあるRoyal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens（王立展示館とカールトン庭園）、インドのムンバイ（旧ボンベイ）にあるChhatrapati Shivaji Terminus＜formerly Victoria Terminus＞（チャトラパティ・シヴァジ・ターミナス駅＜旧ヴィクトリア・ターミナス駅＞）、それに、前述したスウェーデンの南部の町グリムトンにあるVarberg Radio Station（ヴァルベルイの無線通信所）などです。 王立展示館は、1880年メルボルン国際博覧会、1888年のオーストラリア植民地生誕百周年記念国際博覧会開催の為に設計された建物で、その建築様式やレイアウトは見事で、その後も、様々な行事に活用され、また、世界各地で開催された博覧会の展示にも大きな影響を与えました。 旧ヴィクトリア・ターミナス駅は、英国人の建築家F.W.スティーブンスによって設計されたヴィクトリア朝ゴシック様式と伝統的なインド様式が融合した荘厳な建築物で、インド鉄道が創業した際に第1号列車が初めて出発した駅としても有名です。 地域別では、アフリカ 3物件（8.8% 昨年12.5%）、アラブ諸国 2物件（5.9% 昨年8.3%）、アジア・太平洋 11物件（32.3% 昨年33.3%）、ヨーロッパ・北米 16物件（47.1% 昨年37.5%）、ラテンアメリカ・カリブ海地域 2物件（5.9% 昨年12.5%）です。 これで、顕著な普遍的価値を有するユネスコ世界遺産は、自然遺産が154物件、文化遺産が611物件、複合遺産が23物件、合計で、788物件（134か国）になりました。 世界遺産リストへの新登録や登録範囲の延長・拡大関係について審議された物件は48物件で、新登録関係が41物件（先回の世界遺産委員会で登録が見送りになった10物件、2か国にまたがるものが1物件、緊急登録が1物件を含む）、登録範囲の延長・拡大については7物件の審議が行われました。複合物件については、当初2物件がノミネートされていましたが、登録要件を満たさず、登録は見送られました。 日本からは、「紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道」が、申請通りに登録され、日本では12番目（文化遺産では、10番目）の世界遺産が誕生しました。なかでも、日本の「文化的景観」が公式に認められた最初の事例となります。自然崇拝と浄土思想を顕著に表した日本の紀伊山地の「文化的景観」です。この物件の評価を担当したICOMOS（国際記念物遺跡会議）の責任者から物件の概要説明と評価のコメントがなされ、議長から委員国に意見が求められましたが異論はありませんでした。 なかでも、この物件に対するICOMOSの評価レポートの纏め方には、複数の委員国から讃辞が贈られました。登録基準の（Ⅵ）が含まれることもありますが、文化遺産を有形遺産（Ｔａｎｇｉｂｌｅ 山岳霊場や参詣道）と無形遺産（Ｉｎｔａｎｇｉｂｌｅ 修験道、神仏習合、真言密教、伝統行事）の両方の視点から特徴づける整理の仕方は、大変、説得力のあるプレゼンテーションの仕方であった様に思いました。また、ヨーロッパ、アフリカ、アラブ諸国の委員から見た三つの霊場(吉野・大峯、熊野三山<本宮、新宮、那智> 、高野山)と、これらを結ぶ参詣道（大峯奥駈道＜おおみねおくがけみち＞、熊野参詣道（中辺路＜くまのさんけいみちなかへち＞、小辺路＜こへち＞、大辺路＜おおへち＞、伊勢路）、高野山町石道＜こうやさんちょういしみち＞）は、大変ユニークなものに映るらしいことも印象的でした。 また，北朝鮮の「高句麗古墳群」については、昨年、パリで開催された第27回世界遺産委員会で、真正性(オーセンティシティ)についての再評価、保全状況、国境をはさんで、中国側の「高句麗の古代都市や皇族と貴族の古墳群」を含めた登録範囲の見直しなどの課題があって登録が見送りになりましたが、今回、結果的には、2物件として登録されました。 中国側の「古代高句麗王国の首都群と古墳群」、そして、北朝鮮の「高句麗古墳群」の登録に関して、日本の佐藤禎一ユネスコ日本政府代表部大使は、「高句麗文化は、古代日本の歴史や文化にも多大な影響を与えたかけがえのない遺産であり、日本政府としても強く推薦したい」旨の発言がありました。 （注）日本の奈良県明日香村の高松塚古墳とキトラ古墳の壁画は、描法もさることながら、内容についても、高句麗古墳壁画の宗教・思想性など、当時の世界観に基づいたものではないかと言われています。 一連の高句麗文化の遺産として、国境を越えた「高句麗遺跡群」としての登録が望ましいが、今では、所在する国が異なること、また、それぞれの国の法律や文化財保護制度も異なることから、それぞれが恒久的な保護管理を行っていくことになったのだと思います。二国にまたがる世界遺産の事例は幾つもありますが、自然遺産と文化遺産、或は、ヨーロッパとアジアでは、その考え方も異なり、一元管理のあり方が理想通りにはならない現実があります。 今回、初めて「世界遺産リスト」に物件が登録された国は、北朝鮮、アンドラ、アイスランド、トーゴ、セント・ルシアの５か国です。また、今年の新登録物件34物件の特色として、文化遺産29物件のうち、自然環境と人間の営みが長い時間をかけて形成した風景である「文化的景観」のカテゴリーが適用されたものが、13物件（44.8%）あります。 アンドラのMadriu-Perafita-Claror Valley（マドリュウ・ペラフィタ・クラロー渓谷） 、日本のSacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range（紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道）、カザフスタンのPetroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of Tamgaly（タムガリの考古学的景観とペトログラフ）、モンゴルのOrkhon Valley Cultural Landscape（オルホン渓谷の文化的景観）、ノルウェーのVegaoyan - the Vega Archipelago（ヴェガオヤン－ヴェガ群島）、トーゴのKoutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba（バタムマリバ族の地 コウタマコウ）、ドイツのDresden Elbe Valley（ドレスデンのエルベ渓谷）、ドイツ／ポーランド - Muskauer Park/Park Muzakowski（ムスカウ公園 / ムザコフスキー公園）、アイスランドのTingvellir National Park（シンクヴェトリル国立公園）、イタリアのVal d'Orcia（オルチャ渓谷）、リトアニアのKernave Archeological Site ＜Cultural Reserve of Kernave＞（ケルナヴェ考古学遺跡 ＜ケルナヴェ文化保護区＞)、ポルトガルのLandscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture（ピコ島の葡萄園文化の景観）、イランのBam Cultural Landscape（バムの文化的景観）と多様です。 また、既に世界遺産リストに登録されている物件のうち登録範囲の拡大・延長等が行われたものが6物件あります。 2003年12月26日の地震で26,000人もの死者を出したイランの都市バムにある考古学遺跡は、「Bam Cultural Landscape」（イラン）として、「世界遺産リスト」に緊急登録され、同時に「危機にさらされている世界遺産リスト」にも登録されました。ユネスコの文化セクター事務局長補のムニール・ブシェナキ(Mounir Bouchenaki)氏は、この荒廃した都市の文化遺産を救済する為の努力を今後も継続していく旨のユネスコの松浦晃一郎事務局長の声明を発表しました。 ブシェナキ事務局長補とは、来日時にあるレセプションで、お目にかかったことがありますが、今回、新たに登録された北朝鮮のComplex of Koguryo Tombs（高句麗古墳群）の登録が決まった後のコーヒー・ブレイクの際にも、北朝鮮からの代表団団長（李儀夏 朝鮮文化保存局指導部副部長）に優しいお言葉をおかけになるなど、人間的にも大変素晴らしい方です。 , 危機遺産に関しては、これまでに，「危機にさらされている世界遺産リスト」に登録されていたカンボジアのAngkor（アンコール）、オマーンのBahla Fort (バフラ城塞)、ウガンダのRwenzori Mountains National Park（ルウェンゾリ山地国立公園）の3物件の保全状況が改善された為、「危機にさらされている世界遺産リスト」から除かれました。 一方、新たに、「危機にさらされている世界遺産リスト」には、前述したイランのBam Cultural Landscape（バムの文化的景観）の他に、 ドイツのCathedral of Cologne (ケルン大聖堂)とタンザニアのRuins of Kilwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara（キルワ・キシワーニとソンゴ・ムナラの遺跡が登録されました。 ドイツのケルン大聖堂は、1996年に世界遺産リストに登録されましたが、近年、大聖堂の近くを流れるライン川の河岸に幾つかの高層ビルの建設が問題になっています。今回の危機遺産登録は、大聖堂の周辺の都市景観の完全性(Integrity)が損なわれる為、警鐘を鳴らす意味のものです。 タンザニアのキルワ・キシワーニとソンゴ・ムナラの遺跡は、1981年に世界遺産リストに登録されたインド洋上の島にある、かつてのインド洋交易の栄華を誇る遺跡です。海水の浸食による建物の崩壊、管理体制の欠如などの理由から「危機にさらされている世界遺産リスト」に登録されました。 従って、「危機にさらされている世界遺産リスト」に登録されている物件は、35物件となりました。 【「世界遺産リスト」への新登録物件 34物件（29か国）】 自然遺産 5物件 ●デンマーク - Ilulissat Icefjord（イルリサート・アイスフィヨルド） Located on the west coast of Greenland, 250-km north of the Arctic Circle, Greenland's Ilulissat Icefjord (40,240-ha) is the sea mouth of Sermeq Kujalleq, one of the few glaciers through which the Greenland ice cap reaches the sea. Sermeq Kujalleq is one of the fastest (19-m per day) and most active glaciers in the world. It annually calves over 35 cubic kilometres of ice, i.e. 10 percent of the production of all Greenland calf ice and more than any other glacier outside Antarctica. Studied for over 250 years, it has helped develop our understanding of climate change and icecap glaciology. The combination of a huge ice-sheet and the dramatic sounds of a fast-moving glacial ice-stream calving into a fjord covered by icebergs makes for a dramatic and awe-inspiring natural phenomenon. 自然遺産 ●インドネシア - Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra （スマトラの熱帯雨林遺産） The 2.5 million hectare Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra site comprises three national parks: Gunung Leuser National Park, Kerinci Seblat National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. The site holds the greatest potential for long term conservation of the distinctive and diverse biota of Sumatra, including many endangered species. The protected area is home to an estimated 10,000 plant species, including 17 endemic genera; more than 200 mammal species; and some 580 bird species of which 465 are resident and 21 are endemic. Of the mammal species, 22 are Asian, not found elsewhere in the archipelago and 15 are confined to the Indonesian region, including the endemic Sumatran orangutan. It also provides biogeographic evidence of the evolution of the island. 自然遺産 ●ロシア連邦 - Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve（ウランゲル島保護区の自然体系） Located well above the Arctic Circle, the site includes the mountainous Wrangel Island (7,608-km2), Herald Island (11-km2) and surrounding waters. Wrangel was not glaciated during the Quaternary Ice Age resulting in exceptionally high levels of biodiversity for this region. The island boasts the world's largest population of Pacific walrus and the highest density of ancestral polar bear dens. It is a major feeding ground for the grey whale migrating from Mexico and the northernmost nesting ground for 100 migratory bird species, many endangered. Currently, 417 species and sub-species of vascular plants have been identified on the island, double that of any other arctic tundra territory of comparable size and more than any other Arctic island. Some species are derivative of widespread continental forms, others are the result of recent hybridisation. Twenty three are endemic. 自然遺産 ●セント・ルシア - Pitons Management Area（ピトン管理地域） The 2,909-ha site near the town of Soufriere, includes the Pitons, two volcanic spires rising side by side from the sea (770-m and 743-m high respectively), linked by the Piton Mitan ridge. The volcanic complex includes a geothermal field with sulphurous fumeroles and hot springs. Coral reefs cover almost 60 percent of the site's marine area. A survey has revealed 168 species of finfish, 60 species of cnidaria, including corals, eight molluscs, 14 sponges, 11 echinoderms, 15 arthropods and eight annelid worms. Hawksbill turtles are seen inshore, whale sharks and pilot whales offshore. The dominant terrestrial vegetation is tropical moist forest grading to subtropical wet forest with small areas of dry forest and wet elfin woodland on the summits. At least 148 plant species have been recorded on Gros Piton, 97 on Petit Piton and the intervening ridge, among them eight rare tree species. The Gros Piton is home to some 27 bird species (five of them endemic), three indigenous rodents, one opossum, three bats, eight reptiles and three amphibians. 自然遺産 ●南アフリカ - Cape Floral Region Protected Areas（ケープ・フローラル地方の保護地域） A serial site - in Cape Province, South Africa - made up of eight protected areas, covering 553,000-ha. The Cape Floral Region is one of the richest areas for plants in the world. It represents less than 0.5 percent of the area of Africa but is home to nearly 20 percent of the continent's flora. The site displays outstanding ecological and biological processes associated with the Fynbos vegetation, which is unique to the Cape Floral Region. The outstanding diversity, density and endemism of the flora are among the highest worldwide. Unique plant reproductive strategies, adaptive to fire, patterns of seed dispersal by insects, as well as patterns of endemism and adaptive radiation found in the flora are of outstanding value to science. 自然遺産 文化遺産 29物件 ●アンドラ - Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley（マドリュウ・ペラフィタ・クラロー渓谷） The cultural landscape of Madriu-Claror-PerafitaValley offers a microcosmic perspective of the way people have harvested the resources of the high Pyrenees over millennia. Its dramatic glacial landscapes of craggy cliffs and glaciers, with high open pastures and steep wooded valleys covers an area of 4,247-ha., nine percent of the total area of the Principality. It reflects past changes in climate, economic fortune and social systems, as well as the persistence of pastoralism and a strong mountain culture, notably the survival of a communal land ownership system dating back to the 13th century. The valley, the last in the country to have no roads, features houses, notably summer settlements, terraced fields, stone tracks, and evidence of iron smelting. 文化遺産 文化的景観 ●オーストラリア - Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens（王立展示館とカールトン庭園） The Royal Exhibition Building and its surrounding Carlton Gardens were designed for the great international exhibitions of 1880 and 1888 in Melbourne. The building and grounds were designed by Joseph Reed. The building is constructed of brick and timber, steel and slate. It combines elements from the Byzantine, Romanesque, Lombardic and Italian Renaissance styles. The property is typical of the international exhibition movement which saw over 50 exhibitions staged between 1851 and 1915 in venues including Paris, New York, Vienna, Calcutta, Kingston (Jamaica) and Santiago (Chile). All shared a common theme and aims: to chart material and moral progress through displays of industry from all nations. 文化遺産 ●中国 - Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom （古代高句麗王国の首都群と古墳群） The site includes archaeological remains of three cities and 40 tombs: Wunu Mountain City, Guonei City and Wandu Mountain City, 14 tombs are imperial, 26 of nobles. All belong to the Koguryo culture, named after the dynasty that ruled over parts of northern China and the northern half of the Korean Peninsula from 277 BC to 668 AD. Wunu Mountain City is only partly excavated. Guonei City, within the modern city of Ji’an, played the role of a supporting capital after the main Koguryo capital moved to Pyongyang. Wandu Mountain City, one of the capitals of the Koguryo Kingdom, contains many vestiges including a large palace and 37 tombs. Some of the tombs show great ingenuity in their elaborate ceilings, designed to roof wide spaces without columns and carry the heavy load of a stone or earth tumulus (mound), which was placed above them. 文化遺産 ●北朝鮮 - Complex of Koguryo Tombs（高句麗古墳群） The property includes several groups and individual tombs - totalling about 30 individual tombs - from the later period of the Koguryo Kingdom. The tombs, many with beautiful wall paintings, are almost the only remains of this culture. Only about 90 out of more than 10,000 Koguryo tombs discovered in China and Korea so far, have wall paintings. Almost half of these tombs are located on this site and they are thought to have been made for the burial of kings, members of the royal family and the aristocracy. These paintings offer a unique testimony to daily life of this period. 文化遺産 ●インド - Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park（チャンパネル・パヴァガドゥ考古学公園） A concentration of largely unexcavated archaeological, historic and living cultural heritage properties cradled in an impressive landscape which includes prehistoric (chalcolithic) sites, a hill fortress of an early Hindu capital, and remains of the 16th century capital of the state of Gujarat. The site also includes, among other vestiges, fortifications, palaces, religious buildings, residential precincts, and water installations, from the 8th to the 14th centuries. The Kalikamata Temple on top of the Pavagadh Hill is considered to be an important shrine, attracting large numbers of pilgrims throughout the year. The site is the only complete and unchanged Islamic pre-Mughal city. 文化遺産 ●インド - Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus＜formerly Victoria Terminus＞ （チャトラパティ・シヴァジ・ターミナス駅＜旧ヴィクトリア・ターミナス駅＞） The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, formerly known as Victoria Terminus Station, in Mumbai, is an outstanding example of Victorian Gothic Revival architecture in India, blended with themes deriving from Indian traditional architecture. The building, designed by the British architect F.W. Stevens, became the symbol of Bombay as the ‘Gothic City’ and the major international mercantile port of India. The terminal was built over ten years starting in 1878 according to a High Victorian Gothic design based on late medieval Italian models. Its remarkable stone dome, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground plan are close to traditional Indian palace architecture. It is an outstanding example of the meeting of two cultures as British architects worked with Indian craftsmen to include Indian architectural tradition and idioms forging a new style unique to Bombay. 文化遺産 ●イラン - Pasargadae（パサルガディ） The first dynastic capital of the Achaemenid Empire, founded by Cyrus II, the Great, in Pars, homeland of the Persians, in the 6th century BC. Its palaces, gardens, and the mausoleum of Cyrus are outstanding examples of the first phase of royal Achaemenid art and architecture and exceptional testimonies of Persian civilization. Particularly noteworthy vestiges in the 160-ha site include: the Mausoleum of Cyrus II; Tall-e Takht, a fortified terrace; and a royal ensemble of gatehouse, audience hall, residential palace, and gardens. Pasaragadae was the capital of the first great multicultural empire in Western Asia. Spanning the Eastern Mediterranean and Egypt to the Hindus River, it is considered to be the first empire that respected the cultural diversity of its different peoples. This was reflected in Achaemenid architecture, a synthetic representation of different cultures. 文化遺産 ●日本 - Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range （紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道） Set in the dense forests of the Kii Mountains overlooking the Pacific Ocean, three sacred sites - Yoshino and Omine, Kumano Sanzan, and Koyasan - linked by pilgrimage routes to the ancient capital cities of Nara and Kyoto, reflect the fusion of Shinto, rooted in the ancient tradition of nature worship in Japan, and Buddhism, which was introduced to Japan from China and the Korean peninsula. The sites (495.3-ha) and their surrounding forest landscape reflect a persistent and extraordinarily well-documented tradition of sacred mountains over 1,200 years. The area, with its abundance of streams, rivers and waterfalls, is still part of the living culture of Japan and is much visited for ritual purposes and hiking, with up to 15 million visitors annually. Each of the three sites contains shrines, some of which were founded as early as the 9th century. 文化遺産 文化的景観 ●ヨルダン - Um er-Rasas ＜Kastrom Mefa’a＞（ウム・エル・ラサス ＜カストロン・メファー＞) Most of this archaeological site, which started as a Roman military camp and grew to become a town as of the 5th century, has not been excavated. It contains remains from the Roman, Byzantine and Early Moslem periods (end of 3rd to 9th century AD) and a fortified Roman military camp, ca 150-m by 150-m. The site also has 16 churches, some with well-preserved mosaic floors. Particularly noteworthy is the mosaic floor of the Church of Saint Stephen with its representation of towns in the region. Two square towers are probably the only remains of the practice, well known in this part of the world, of the stylite monks (i.e. ascetic monks who spent time in isolation atop a column or tower). Um er-Rasas is surrounded by, and dotted with, remains of ancient agricultural cultivation in an arid area. It is here that the Prophet Mohamed, travelling as a tradesman, met a monk who convinced him of the virtue of monotheism. 文化遺産 ●カザフスタン - Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of Tamgaly （タムガリの考古学的景観とペトログラフ） Set around the lush Tamgaly Gorge, amidst the vast, arid Chu-Ili mountains, is a remarkable concentration of some 5,000 petroglyphs (rock carvings) dating from the second half of the second millennium BC to the beginning of the 20th century. Distributed among 48 complexes with associated settlements and burial grounds, they are testimonies to the husbandry, social organization and rituals of pastoral peoples. Human settlements in the site are often multi-layered and show occupation through the ages. A huge number of ancient tombs are also to be found including stone enclosures with boxes and cists (middle and late Bronze Age), and mounds (kurgans) of stone and earth (early Iron Age to the present). The central canyon contains the densest concentration of engravings and what are believed to be altars, suggesting that these places were used for sacrificial offerings. 文化遺産 文化的景観 ●モンゴル - Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape（オルホン渓谷の文化的景観） The 121,967-ha Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape encompasses an extensive area of pastureland on both banks of the Orkhon River and includes numerous archaeological remains dating back to the 6th century. The site also includes Kharkhorum, the 13th and 14th century capital of Chinggis (Genghis) Khan’s vast Empire. Collectively the remains in the site reflect the symbiotic links between nomadic, pastoral societies and their administrative and religious centres, and the importance of the Orkhon valley in the history of central Asia. The grassland is still grazed by Mongolian nomadic pastoralists. 文化遺産 文化的景観 ●ノルウェー - Vegaoyan - the Vega Archipelago（ヴェガオヤン－ヴェガ群島） A cluster of dozens of islands centred on Vega, just south of the Arctic Circle, forms a cultural landscape of 103,710-ha, of which 6,930 is land. The islands bear testimony to a distinctive frugal way of life based on fishing and the harvesting of the down of eider ducks, in an inhospitable environment. There are fishing villages, quays, warehouses, eider houses (built for eider ducks to nest in), farming landscapes, lighthouses and beacons. There is evidence of human settlement from the Stone Age on. By the 9th century, the islands had become an important centre for the supply of down which appears to have accounted for around a third of the islanders’ income. The Vega Archipelago reflects the way fishermen/farmers have, over the past 1,500 years, maintained a sustainable living and the contribution of women to eiderdown harvesting. 文化遺産 文化的景観 ●ロシア連邦 - Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent(ノボディチ修道院の建築物群) The Novodevichy Convent, in south-western Moscow, built in the 16th and 17th centuries, in the so-called Moscow Baroque style, was part of a chain of monastic ensembles that were integrated into the defence system of the city. The Convent was directly associated with the political, cultural and religious history of Russia, and closely linked to the Moscow Kremlin. It was used by women of the Tsar’s family and of the aristocracy. Members of the Tsar’s family and entourage were also buried in its cemetery. The Convent provides an example of the highest accomplishments of Russian architecture with rich interiors and an important collection of paintings and artefacts. 文化遺産 ●マリ - Tomb of Askia（アスキアの墓） The dramatic 17-m pyramidal structure of Le Tombeau des Askia was built by Askia Mohamed, the Emperor of Songhai, in 1495 in his capital Gao. It bears testimony to the power and riches of the Empire that flourished in the 15th and 16th centuries through its control of the trans Saharan trade, notably in salt and gold. It is also a fine example of the monumental mud-building traditions of the West African Sahel. The complex, including the pyramidal tomb, two flat roofed mosque buildings, the mosque cemetery, and the open air assembly ground, was built when Gao became the capital of the Songhai Empire and after Askia Mohamed had returned from Mecca and made Islam the official religion of the Empire. 文化遺産 ●モロッコ - Portuguese City of Mazagan ＜El Jadida＞ （マサガン（アル ジャディーダ）のポルトガル街区） The Portuguese fortification of Mazagan, now part of the city of El Jadida, 90km southwest of Casablanca, was built as a fortified colony on the Atlantic coast in the early 16th century. It was taken over by the Moroccans in 1769. The fortification with its bastions and ramparts is an early example of Renaissance military design. The surviving Portuguese buildings include the cistern and the Church of the Assumption, built in the Manueline style of late Gothic architecture. The Portuguese City of Mazagan - one of the early settlements of the Portuguese explorers in West Africa on the route to India - is an outstanding example of the interchange of influences between European and Moroccan cultures, well reflected in architecture, technology, and town planning. 文化遺産 ●トーゴ Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba（バタムマリバ族の地 コウタマコウ） The Koutammakou landscape in northeastern Togo, which extends into neighbouring Benin, is home to the Batammariba whose remarkable mud tower-houses have come to be seen as a symbol of Togo. In this landscape, nature is strongly associated with the rituals and beliefs of society. The 50,000-ha cultural landscape is remarkable due to the architecture of its Takienta tower-houses which are a reflection of social structure; its farmland and forest; and the associations between people and landscape. Many of the buildings are two stories high and those with granaries feature an almost spherical form above a cylindrical base. Some of the buildings have flat roofs, others have conical thatched roofs. They are grouped in villages, which also include ceremonial spaces, springs, rocks and sites reserved for initiation ceremonies. 文化遺産 文化的景観 ●ドイツ - Dresden Elbe Valley（ドレスデンのエルベ渓谷） The 18th and 19th century cultural landscape of Dresden Elbe Valley extends some 18-km along the river from Ubigau Palace and Ostragehege fields in the northwest to the Pillnitz Palace and the Elbe River Island in the southeast. It features low meadows, and is crowned by the Pillnitz Palace and the centre of Dresden with its numerous monuments and parks from the 16th to the 20th centuries. The landscape also features 19th and 20th century suburban villas and gardens and valuable natural features. Some terraced slopes along the river are still used for viticulture and some old villages have retained their historic structure and elements from the industrial revolution: notably the 147-m Blue Wonder steel bridge (1891-1893), the single-rail suspension cable railway (1898-1901), and the funicular (1894-1895). The passenger steamships (the oldest from 1879) and shipyard (ca 1900) are still in use. 文化遺産 文化的景観 ●ドイツ - The Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen （ブレーメンのマルクト広場にある市庁舎とローランド像） The Town Hall and Roland on the marketplace of Bremen in northwest Germany are outstanding representations of civic and trading rights as they developed in the Holy Roman Empire in Europe. The old town hall was built as in the Gothic style in the early 15th century, after Bremen joined the Hanseatic League. The building was renovated in the so-called Weser Renaissance style in the early 17th century. A new town hall was built next to the old one in the early 20th century as part of an ensemble that survived the bombarding during the Second World War. The statue stands 5.5m tall and dates back to 1404. 文化遺産 ●ドイツ／ポーランド - Muskauer Park/Park Muzakowski（ムスカウ公園 / ムザコフスキー公園） A landscaped park of 559.90-ha astride the Neisse river and the border between Poland and Germany, it was created by Prince Hermann von Puckler-Muskau from 1815 to 1844. Blending seamlessly with the surrounding farmed landscape, the park pioneered new approaches to landscape design and influenced the development of landscape architecture in Europe and America. Designed as a ‘painting with plants’, it did not seek to evoke classical landscapes, paradise, or some lost perfection, instead it used local plants to enhance the inherent qualities of the existing landscape. This integrated landscape extends into the town of Muskau with green passages that formed urban parks framing areas for development. The town thus became a design component in a utopian landscape. The site also features a reconstructed castle, bridges and an arboretum. 文化遺産 文化的景観 ●アイスランド - Tingvellir National Park（シンクヴェトリル国立公園） Tingvellir (Thingvellir) is the National Park where the Althing - an open-air assembly, which represented the whole of Iceland - was established in 930 and continued to meet until 1798. Over two weeks a year, the assembly set laws - seen as a covenant between free men - and settled disputes. The Althing has deep historical and symbolic associations for the people of Iceland. Located on an active volcanic site, the property includes the Tingvellir National Park and the remains of the Althing itself: fragments of around 50 booths built of turf and stone. Remains from the 10th century are thought to be buried underground. The site also includes remains of agricultural use from 18th and 19th centuries, the Thingvellir Church and adjacent farm, and the population of arctic char in Lake Thingvallavatn. The park shows evidence of the way the landscape was husbanded over 1,000 years. 文化遺産 文化的景観 ●イタリア - Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia （チェルヴェテリとタルクィニアのエトルリア墳墓群） These two large Etruscan cemeteries reflect different types of burial practices from the 9th to the 1st century BC, and bear witness to the achievements of Etruscan culture. They are the first remains of Etruscan culture, which over nine centuries developed the earliest urban civilization in the northern Mediterranean, to be inscribed on the World Heritage List. Some of the tombs are monumental, cut in rock and topped by impressive tumuli (burial mounds). Many feature carvings on their walls, others have wall paintings of outstanding quality. The necropolis near Cerveteri, known as Banditaccia, contains thousands of tombs organized in a city-like plan, with streets, small squares and neighbourhoods. The site contains very different types of tombs: trenches cut in rock; tumuli; and some, also carved in rock, in the shape of huts or houses with a wealth of structural details. These provide the only surviving evidence of Etruscan residential architecture. The necropolis of Tarquinia, also known as Monterozzi, contains 6,000 graves cut in the rock. It is famous for its 200 painted tombs, the earliest of which date from the 7th century B.C. 文化遺産 ●イタリア - Val d’Orcia（オルチャ渓谷）（注）ヴァルドルチャ is part of the agricultural hinterland of Sienna, re-drawn and developed when it was colonized by the city-state in the 14th and 15th centuries to reflect an idealized model of good governance and to create an aesthetically pleasing picture. The landscape’s distinctive aesthetics, flat chalk plains out of which rise almost conical hills with fortified settlements on top, inspired many artists. Their images have come to exemplify the beauty of well-managed Renaissance agricultural landscapes. The inscription covers: a planned colonized agrarian and pastoral landscape reflecting innovative land management systems; towns and villages; farmhouses; and the Roman Via Francigena and its associated abbeys, inns, shrines, bridges etc. 文化遺産 文化的景観 ●リトアニア - Kernave Archeological Site ＜Cultural Reserve of Kernave＞ （ケルナヴェ考古学遺跡 ＜ケルナヴェ文化保護区＞) The Kernave Archeological Site, in eastern Lithuania about 35 km northwest of Vilnius, represents an exceptional testimony to some 10 millennia of human settlements in this region. Situated in the valley of the River Neris, the site is a complex ensemble of archaeological properties, encompassing the town of Kernave, forts, some unfortified settlements, burial sites and other archaeological monuments from the late Paleolithic period to the Middle Ages. The site has preserved the traces of ancient land use, as well as remains of five impressive hill forts, part of an exceptionally large defence system. Kernav? was an important feudal town in the Middle Ages. The town was destroyed by the Teutonic Order in the late 14th century, however the site remained in use till modern times. 文化遺産 文化的景観 ●メキシコ - Luis Barragan House and Studio（ルイス・バラガン邸と仕事場） Built in 1948, the House and Studio of architect Luis Barragan in the suburb of Mexico City represents an outstanding example of the architect’s creative work in the post-Second World War period. The concrete building, totalling 1161-m2, consists of a ground floor and two upper stories, as well as a small private garden. Barragan’s work integrated modern and traditional artistic and vernacular currents and elements into a new synthesis, which has been greatly influential, especially in the contemporary design of gardens, plazas, and landscapes. 文化遺産 ●ポルトガル - Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture（ピコ島の葡萄園文化の景観） The 987-ha site on the volcanic island of Pico, the second largest in Azores archipelago, consists of a remarkable pattern of spaced-out, long linear walls running inland from, and parallel to, the rocky shore. The walls were built to protect the thousands of small, contiguous, rectangular, plots (‘currais’) from wind and salt sea water . Evidence of this viniculture, whose origins date back to the 15th century is manifest in the extraordinary assembly of the fields, in houses and early 19th century manor houses, in wine-cellars, churches and ports. The extraordinarily beautiful man-made landscape of the site is the best remaining area of a once much more widespread practice. 文化遺産 文化的景観 ●セルビア・モンテネグロ - Decani Monastery（デチャニ修道院） The De?ani Monastery - at the foot of the Prokletije mountains, in the western part of the province of Kosovo and Metohija - was built in the mid 14th century for the Serbian King Stefan De?anski. It is also his mausoleum. It represents the last important phase of Byzantine-Romanesque architecture in the region and is the largest of all medieval Balkan churches. It contains exceptional, well-preserved Byzantine paintings, which cover practically the entire interior of the church with over 1,000 individual depictions of saints. It also has numerous Romanesque sculptures. The original marble floor is preserved, as is the interior furniture, and the main 14th century iconostasis. The De?ani treasury is the richest in Serbia, with, notably, about 60 exceptional icons from the 14th to 17th centuries. The Monastery represents an exceptional synthesis of Byzantine and Western traditions. 文化遺産 ●スウェーデン - Varberg Radio Station（ヴァルベルイの無線通信所） The Varberg Radio Station at Grimeton in southern Sweden (built in 1922-24) is an exceptionally well preserved monument to early wireless transatlantic communication. It consists of the transmitter equipment, including the aerial system of six 127-m high steel towers. Though no longer in regular use, the equipment has been maintained in operating condition. The 109.9-ha site comprises buildings housing the original Alexanderson transmitter, including the towers with their antennae, short-wave transmitters with their antennae, and a residential area with staff housing. The architect Carl Akerblad designed the main buildings in the neoclassical style and the structural engineer Henrik Kreuger was responsible for the antenna towers, the tallest built structures in Sweden at that time. The site is an outstanding example of the development of telecommunications and is the only surviving example of a major transmitting station based on pre-electronic technology. 文化遺産 ●イギリス - Liverpool-Maritime Mercantile City（リバプール-海商都市） Six areas in the historic centre and docklands of the maritime mercantile City of Liverpool bear witness to the development of one of the world’s major trading centres in the 18th and 19th centuries. Liverpool played an important role in the growth of the British Empire and became the major port for the mass movement of people, e.g. slaves and emigrants from northern Europe to America. Liverpool was a pioneer in the development of modern dock technology, transport systems, and port management. The listed sites feature a great number of significant commercial, civic and public buildings, including St George’s Plateau. 文化遺産 ●イラン-Bam Cultural Landscape（バムの文化的景観） Bam is situated in a desert environment on the southern edge of the Iranian high plateau. The origins of Bam can be detected to the Achaemenid period (6 th to 4 th cent. B.C.). Its heyday was from the 7 th to 11 th centuries, being at the crossroads of important trade routes and known for the production of silk and cotton garments. The existence of life in the oasis was based on the underground irrigation canals, the qan ? ts, of which Bam has preserved some of the earliest evidence in Iran. Arg-e Bam is the most representative example of a fortified medieval town built in vernacular technique using mud layers (Chineh). 文化遺産 文化的景観 複合遺産 該当なし バーレンのHawar Islands「ハワル諸島」（自然遺産候補）、キプロスのWine Village Terraces「ワイン村の棚畑」（文化遺産候補）、ハンガリーのPalaeohabitat of Tarnoc「タルノックの古生物地」（自然遺産候補）、エストニアのKuressaare Fortress「クレッサーレ要塞」（文化遺産候補）、アゼルバイジャンのGobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape「ゴブスタン岩画の文化的景観」（文化遺産候補）、パナマのCoiba National Park「コイバ国立公園」（自然遺産候補）については、登録要件を満たしていない為、見送られました。 【既登録物件のうち登録範囲の延長・拡大 6物件】 自然遺産 3物件 ●イギリス - St Kilda（セント・キルダ） (first inscribed as a natural site in 1986) a volcanic archipelago with spectacular landscapes, is situated off the coast of the Hebrides and comprises the islands of Hirta, Dun, Soay and Boreray. It has some of the highest cliffs in Europe, inhabited by large colonies of rare and endangered species of birds, especially puffins and gannets. The marine area around the archipelago was extended, almost doubling the size of the site. ●イギリス - The 14km2 Inaccessible Island was added to the Gough Island Wildlife Reserve（ゴフ島野生生物保護区） ,in the South Atlantic, first inscribed in 1995. The site, now called Gough and Inaccessible Islands（ゴフ島とイナクセサブル島） , is one of the least-disrupted island and marine ecosystems in the cool temperate zone. The spectacular cliffs of each island, towering above the ocean, are free of introduced mammals and homes to one of the world's largest colonies of sea birds. Gough Island is home to two endemic species of land birds, the gallinule and the Gough rowettie, as well as to 12 endemic species of plants, while Inaccessible Island boasts of two birds, eight plants and at least ten invertebrates endemic to the island. ●コスタ・リカ - Area de Conservacion Guanacaste（グアナカステ保全地域） (inscribed in 1999), was extended with the addition of a 15,000-ha private property, St Elena. It contains important natural habitats for the conservation of biological diversity, including the best dry forest habitats from Central America to northern Mexico and key habitats for endangered or rare plant and animal species. The site demonstrates significant ecological processes in both its terrestrial and marine-coastal environments. 文化遺産 3物件 ●中国 - Imperial Palace of the Qing Dynasty in Shenyang(遼寧省瀋陽) has been inscribed as an extension of the Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties inscribed in 1987. The property is now to be known as the Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang（北京と瀋陽の明・清王朝の皇宮）. The Imperial Palace of the Qing Dynasty in Shenyang consists of 114 buildings, constructed between 1625-26 and 1783. It contains an important library and testifies to the foundation of the last dynasty that ruled China, before it expanded its power to the centre of the country and moved the capital to Beijing. This palace then became auxiliary to the Imperial Palace in Beijing. This remarkable architectural edifice offers important historical testimony to the history of the Qing Dynasty and to the cultural traditions of the Manchu and other tribes in the north of China. ●中国 - Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties（明・清皇室の陵墓群）, represents the addition of three Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Liaoning to the Ming tombs inscribed in 2000 and 2003. The Three Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Liaoning Province(遼寧省) include the Yongling Tomb, the Fuling Tomb, and the Zhaoling Tomb, all built in the 17th century. Constructed for the founding emperors of the Qing Dynasty and their ancestors, the tombs follow the precepts of traditional Chinese geomancy and fengshui theory. They feature rich decoration of stone statues and carvings and tiles with dragon motifs, illustrating the development of the funerary architecture of the Qing Dynasty. The three tomb complexes, and their numerous edifices, combine traditions inherited from previous dynasties and new features of Manchu civilization. ●インド - Two great Chola Temples of the 11th and 12th centuries have been added to the 11th century Brihadisvara temple of Thanjavur（タンジャブールのブリハディシュワラ寺院）, inscribed in 1987. The Great Living Chola Temples (チョーラ朝の現存する大寺院群）were built by kings of the Chola Empire, which stretched over all of South India and the neighbouring islands. The site now includes the three great 11th and 12th century Chola Temples: the Brihadisvara temple of Thanjavur, the Brihadisvara Temple of Gangaikondacholisvaram and the Airavatesvara temple at Darasuram. The Temple of Gangaikondacholisvaram, built by Rajendra I, was completed in 1035. Its 53-m vimana has recessed corners and a graceful upward curving movement, contrasting with the straight and severe tower at Thanjavur. It has six pairs of massive, monolithic dvarapalas statues guarding the entrances and bronzes of remarkable beauty inside. The Airavatesvara temple complex, built by Rajaraja II, at Darasuram features a 24-m vimana and a stone image of Shiva. The temples testify to the Cholas brilliant achievements in architecture, sculpture, painting, and bronze casting. 【既登録物件名称変更 1物件】 ●カナダ Miguasha Park（ミグアシャ公園) ⇒ Miguasha Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ Park（ミグアシャ国立公園) 【改善措置が講じられた為，「危機にさらされている世界遺産リスト」から登録解除された物件 3物件】 ●カンボジア Angkor（アンコール 危機遺産リストに登録されていた理由：浸食、風化、盗掘） ●オマーン Bahla Fort (バフラ城塞 崩壊、風化) ●ウガンダ Rwenzori Mountains National Park（ルウェンゾリ山地国立公園 地域紛争） 【「危機にさらされている世界遺産リスト」への新登録物件 ３物件】 ●イラン Bam Cultural Landscape（バムの文化的景観） 世界遺産が決まるまでの仕組みや世界遺産への理解を一層深める為、昨年のパリ会議に続いて、当シンクタンクの代表者 古田 陽久と事務局長の古田 真美もオブザーバーの一員として参加致しました。いつものことながら、登録候補物件の評価の手法、世界遺産への脅威、なかでも、その原因や理由には、大変、関心をもっています。世界遺産になった物件の顕著な普遍的価値、なかでも、その真正性（Authenticity）や完全性（Integrity）の証明、それに、類似物件との比較研究（Comparative
Study）の手法について、一歩踏み込んだ研究を続けていきたいと考えています。 |
| 蘇州市のプロフィール |
蘇州市は、江蘇省の東部にあり、古くから「上有天堂、下有蘇杭」」（天上に極楽あり、地上に蘇州と杭州あり）と称えられた歴史文化都市です。 蘇州は、上海の西約70ｋm、太湖の東北にあり、気候は温暖で市内には、水郷が発達し、水の都としても知られています。13世紀に中国を訪れたマルコ・ポーロは、蘇州を「東洋のベニス」とたとえました。 蘇州は、紀元前514年に、春秋時代の呉の都として発展して以来、歴史的にも政治的な中心地として栄え、清代には江蘇省の省都にもなった古都でもあります。 その昔、中国の豪族たちはこの地で花鳥風月に囲まれ余生を送ることを理想としました。 蘇州には名勝旧跡が多く、盤門、虎丘の斜塔、霊岩山、それに、ユネスコの世界遺産にも登録されている拙政園、留園、網師園、環秀山荘、獅子林、滄浪園、芸圃、退思園など中国式の古典庭園が数多くあります。 また、寒山寺は、唐詩「楓橋夜泊」（張継作）にもうたわれ、高僧寒山にちなんで名付けられた寺としても名高いことは、よく知られています。 蘇州の特産品としては、両面刺繍や白檀の扇子が有名です。 蘇州は、近年、シンガポール蘇州工業園区（蘇州工業パーク）の開発等、多くの外国企業が進出し、活力ある経済発展を遂げています。 蘇州の知名度は、日本でも高く、古くは、渡辺はま子や李香蘭が歌った「蘇州夜曲」、近年では、尾形大作が歌った「無錫旅情」がヒットし、題名や歌詞の中に地名が登場し、有名です。 |
| 江蘇省・蘇州市とわが国地方自治体との友好（姉妹）提携の状況 | |
| 江蘇省 | 愛知県 |
| 江蘇省 | 福岡県 |
| 蘇州市 | 石川県金沢市 |
| 蘇州市 | 京都府亀岡市 |
| 蘇州市 | 大阪府池田市 |
| 蘇州市滄浪区 | 福岡県八女郡広川町 |
| 蘇州市五県 | 大分県日田郡大山町 |